Application Note: Understanding The Solid-State Properties Of Biological Pharmaceuticals

Biological pharmaceuticals such as proteins, peptides, and oligonucleotides are typically supplied as aqueous solutions or lyophilized solids. Such products generally contain other components like buffers, surfactants, cryoprotectants, and lyoprotectants. Even when a drug product is a solution, the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) has often been produced as a solid prior to formulation.